abhishreshthaa

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Retail consists of the sale of goods or merchandise from a fixed location, such as a department store, boutique or kiosk, or by mail, in small or individual lots for direct consumption by the purchaser.[1]

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Retailing may include subordinated services, such as delivery. Purchasers may be individuals or businesses. In commerce, a "retailer" buys goods or products in large quantities from manufacturers or importers, either directly or through a wholesaler, and then sells smaller quantities to the end-user. Retail establishments are often called shops or stores. Retailers are at the end of the supply chain. Manufacturing marketers see the process of retailing as a necessary part of their overall distribution strategy. The term "retailer" is also applied where a service provider services the needs of a large number of individuals, such as a public utility, like electric power.

Shops may be on residential streets, shopping streets with few or no houses or in a shopping mall. Shopping streets may be for pedestrians only. Sometimes a shopping street has a partial or full roof to protect customers from precipitation. Online retailing, a type of electronic commerce used for business-to-consumer (B2C) transactions and mail order, are forms of non-shop retailing.

Shopping generally refers to the act of buying products. Sometimes this is done to obtain necessities such as food and clothing; sometimes it is done as a recreational activity. Recreational shopping often involves window shopping (just looking, not buying) and browsing and does not always result in a purchase.


Political

Environmental regulations and protection

Tax policies


Interest rates & monetary policies

Contract enforcement law

Consumer protection

Employment laws

Government organization / attitude

Competition regulation

Political Stability

Safety regulations



Economic

Economic growth

Interest rates & monetary policies

Government spending

Unemployment policy

Taxation

Exchange rates

Inflation rates

Stage of the business cycle

Consumer confidence


Social

Income distribution

Demographics, Population growth rates, Age distribution

Labor / social mobility

Lifestyle changes

Work/career and leisure attitudes

Entrepreneurial spirit

Education

Fashion, hypes

Health consciousness & welfare, feelings on safety

Living conditions



Technological

Government research spending

Industry focus on technological effort

New inventions and development

Rate of technology transfer

Life cycle and speed of technological obsolescence

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(Changes in) Information Technology

(Changes in) Internet
Changes inMobileTechnology
 
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