project on perception

sanj17

New member
Perception is the process by which organisms interpret and organize sensation to produce a meaningful experience of the environment they live in. It is a complex cognitive process and differs from one individual to another depending on the needs, values and expectations of the individual. Perception describes one's ultimate experience of the world and typically involves further processing of sensory input. The perception of two individuals may differ even if they are exposed to the same stimuli, under the same conditions. People working in an organization could differ in many ways. They could differ in physical characteristics such as height, weight and complexion. They could also differ in background characteristics like level of education and training. But the most important difference could be in their perceptions. People respond to situations on the basis of their perception about reality rather than the reality itself. Perceptions may also differ from organization to organizations. Some organizations perceive that aggressive and dominating culture and the maintenance of conformity of all employees to certain beliefs and values is essential for their success. But some organizations perceive that cooperation, team culture and preservation of individual identities are crucial for their success.
TYPES OF PERCEPTION
There are many different ways of perceiving the world. Some of them are as follows:

 Perceptual organization
Perceptual organizations are processes used to group basic sensory elements together into perceivable objects. The two basic principles of perceptual organization involves perceiving figures embedded in a perceptual background and organizing what you see, or what you perceive, in the simplest form possible.
Another type of perception is depth perception, which is primarily utilized by visual or auditory senses. The organ used for visual perception is the eye. The eye is an extremely complex organ. It is composed of multiple of structures each having its own specific function or functions.
 Figure ground perception
Figure ground perception is the tendency to discriminate between target and background stimuli. The stimulus we perceive as being the target is referred to as the figure. The other stimuli that we do not perceive as the target make up the background, or ground.
 Perceptual grouping

The Law of Pragnanz, also known as the Law of Simplicity, states that we tend to perceive the world in the simplest form possible. There are two major parts to this law: closure and grouping. Closure is the tendency to fill in missing portions from a perceptual array, or to fill in the gaps. Grouping occurs when similar or proximal stimuli are perceived as belonging together in a group.
 Size constancy
The principle of size plays an important role in perception. A large object is more likely to be noticed than a smaller object. This concept is known as size constancy. Imagine yourself outside looking up at an airplane high in the sky. Due to the information in our memory stores, one is still able to perceive the actual size of the object despite a change in the size of the retinal image.
 Subliminal Perception
A subliminal message is a signal or message embedded in another object, designed to pass below the normal limits of perception. These messages are indiscernible by the conscious mind, but allegedly affect the subconscious or deeper mind. Subliminal techniques have occasionally been used in advertising and propaganda; the purpose, effectiveness and frequency of such techniques are debated. Perception of subliminal messages is a type of subconscious cognition. Sometimes the stimuli may be so subtle that an individual may not be conscious that he is exposed to some stimulus.

Factors influencing perception

Various factors influence what and how we perceive. These factors help shape perception but can sometimes even mislead the individuals by distorting perception. The factors which influence perception are as follows:



Internal Factors Influencing the Perception Process
The internal set factors are as under:

 Habit
 Motivation and interest
 Learning
 Organizational and specialization
 Economic and social background
 Personality
Habit
Habits die hard and therefore individuals perceive objects, situations and conditions differently according to their habits. There are several instances in life settings where individuals tend to react with the right response to the wrong signals. Thus a retired soldier may throw himself on the ground when he hears a sudden burst of car tyre.

Motivation and interest
Two examples of motivational factors are hunger and thirst. Motivational factors increase the individual's sensitivity to those stimuli which he considers as relevant to the satisfaction of his needs in view of his past experience with them. A thirsty individual has a perceptual set to seek a water fountain or a hotel to quench his thirst, which increases for him likelihood of perceiving restaurant signs and decreases the likelihood of visualizing other objects at that moment in time


Learning
The state of learning influences and plays a crucial role in the perception process. However, it should be recognized that the role of learning is more pronounced in respect of complex forms of perception where the symbolic content creeps into the process. Although interrelated with motivation and personality, learning may play the single biggest role in developing perceptual set. People perceive as per their levels of learning. It is therefore essential for the organization to make its employees knowledgeable and educated for their effective performance and behaviour.

Organizational role and specialization
The modern organizations value specialization. Consequently the specialty of a person that casts him in a particular organizational role predisposes him to select certain stimuli and to disregard others. Thus in a lengthy report a departmental head will first notice the text relating to his department.

Economic and social background
The employee perceptions are based on economic and social backgrounds. Socially and economically developed employees have a more positive attitude towards development rather than less developed employees.

Personality
The personality of the perceiver as well as the stimulator has an impact on the perception process. The age, sex, race, dress, etc of both the persons have a direct influence on the perception process.

External Factors Influencing the Perception Process
The external attention factors are:

• Intensity
• Size
• Contrast
• Repetition
• Motion
• Novelty and familiarity
• Situations

Intensity
The intensity of stimulus implies that the more intense the stimulus audio or visual, the more is the likelihood it will be perceived. A loud noise, strong odour or bright light or bright colours will be more readily perceived than soft sound, weak odour or dim light. It is because of this advantage that advertisers employ intensity to draw the consumers' attention.

Size
The size of the object or stimulus has a greater impact on the perception process because the size influences attention and recognition in a more effective manner. However, generally the larger the object the more likely it will be perceived.



Contrast
Contrasting objects have more impact on behaviour. The contrast principle states that external stimuli, which stand out against the background or which, are not what the people expect will receive attention. Plant safety signs, which have black lettering on a yellow background or white lettering on a red background, are attentions seekers.
Repetition
Repeated stimuli have more impact on performances than a single statement. Repetition has the advantage of being attention catching. Perhaps, it is because of this that supervisors tend to repeat directions regarding job instructions several times for even simple tasks to hold the attention of their workers.
Motion
The factor of motion implies that the individuals attend to changing objects in their field of vision than to static objects. It is because of this advantage that advertisers involve signs, which include moving objects in their campaigns.
Novelty and familiarity
A novel object in the familiar situation or a familiar object in a novel situation tends to attract attention. Thus a white person or a black person in India catches attention faster.
Situations
Situations have a great influence on people's perceptions. A favourable work environment develops a positive attitude and work culture because the perception process is easily channelized and rightly directed.

Organization is considered as a structural process in which individuals bound together in a formal relationship and interacts with each other to accomplish certain common objectives. The success of any organization depends highly on the efficiency, role performance and job satisfaction of its employees. The study revealed that, factors like affiliation, recognition, behaviour of superior and self perception of job responsibility had positive and significant relationship with the job performance. The overall level of job perception was moderate. The personal traits of employees of educational institutes like, age, education, monthly income, experience, weekly hours, opportunity for advancement and rewards and punishment had positive but non-significant relationship with job satisfaction. Job satisfaction is the degree to which people like their jobs and it can be regarded as one aspect of life satisfaction, experiences on the job influence, perceptions of the job and vice-versa. If the job or work assigned to an individual is interesting, meaningful, challenging and satisfactory he will have a favourable attitude for it and his motivation will be higher. Job satisfaction affects job performance, employee turnover, and absenteeism. High job satisfaction results into high work performance, less employee turnover and less absenteeism. In the study, the employees were professors, employees and principals. those having positive perception performed better in their work whereas those having negative perception were a bit dissatisfied and it affected their performance of work.
job perception of employees of educational institutes is influenced by several factors such as personal traits, working conditions and environment around and within the job. Thus, it can be concluded that job perception is a multi-dimensional phenomena where it is not so easy to assign one factor as the sole determinant of performance of the job.

Simultaneously, more work needs to be done to link the perception of employees of educational institutes with the organizational context in which they work with the social, political and economic context of educational service. The factors such as stability of Job, income, experience, designation and responsibilities are identified as having very close relationship with satisfaction levels.
Thus after going through the study it can be concluded that perception regarding job is closely related to performance of work by employees.
 

jamescord

MP Guru
Perception is the process by which organisms interpret and organize sensation to produce a meaningful experience of the environment they live in. It is a complex cognitive process and differs from one individual to another depending on the needs, values and expectations of the individual. Perception describes one's ultimate experience of the world and typically involves further processing of sensory input. The perception of two individuals may differ even if they are exposed to the same stimuli, under the same conditions. People working in an organization could differ in many ways. They could differ in physical characteristics such as height, weight and complexion. They could also differ in background characteristics like level of education and training. But the most important difference could be in their perceptions. People respond to situations on the basis of their perception about reality rather than the reality itself. Perceptions may also differ from organization to organizations. Some organizations perceive that aggressive and dominating culture and the maintenance of conformity of all employees to certain beliefs and values is essential for their success. But some organizations perceive that cooperation, team culture and preservation of individual identities are crucial for their success.
TYPES OF PERCEPTION
There are many different ways of perceiving the world. Some of them are as follows:

 Perceptual organization
Perceptual organizations are processes used to group basic sensory elements together into perceivable objects. The two basic principles of perceptual organization involves perceiving figures embedded in a perceptual background and organizing what you see, or what you perceive, in the simplest form possible.
Another type of perception is depth perception, which is primarily utilized by visual or auditory senses. The organ used for visual perception is the eye. The eye is an extremely complex organ. It is composed of multiple of structures each having its own specific function or functions.
 Figure ground perception
Figure ground perception is the tendency to discriminate between target and background stimuli. The stimulus we perceive as being the target is referred to as the figure. The other stimuli that we do not perceive as the target make up the background, or ground.
 Perceptual grouping

The Law of Pragnanz, also known as the Law of Simplicity, states that we tend to perceive the world in the simplest form possible. There are two major parts to this law: closure and grouping. Closure is the tendency to fill in missing portions from a perceptual array, or to fill in the gaps. Grouping occurs when similar or proximal stimuli are perceived as belonging together in a group.
 Size constancy
The principle of size plays an important role in perception. A large object is more likely to be noticed than a smaller object. This concept is known as size constancy. Imagine yourself outside looking up at an airplane high in the sky. Due to the information in our memory stores, one is still able to perceive the actual size of the object despite a change in the size of the retinal image.
 Subliminal Perception
A subliminal message is a signal or message embedded in another object, designed to pass below the normal limits of perception. These messages are indiscernible by the conscious mind, but allegedly affect the subconscious or deeper mind. Subliminal techniques have occasionally been used in advertising and propaganda; the purpose, effectiveness and frequency of such techniques are debated. Perception of subliminal messages is a type of subconscious cognition. Sometimes the stimuli may be so subtle that an individual may not be conscious that he is exposed to some stimulus.

Factors influencing perception

Various factors influence what and how we perceive. These factors help shape perception but can sometimes even mislead the individuals by distorting perception. The factors which influence perception are as follows:



Internal Factors Influencing the Perception Process
The internal set factors are as under:

 Habit
 Motivation and interest
 Learning
 Organizational and specialization
 Economic and social background
 Personality
Habit
Habits die hard and therefore individuals perceive objects, situations and conditions differently according to their habits. There are several instances in life settings where individuals tend to react with the right response to the wrong signals. Thus a retired soldier may throw himself on the ground when he hears a sudden burst of car tyre.

Motivation and interest
Two examples of motivational factors are hunger and thirst. Motivational factors increase the individual's sensitivity to those stimuli which he considers as relevant to the satisfaction of his needs in view of his past experience with them. A thirsty individual has a perceptual set to seek a water fountain or a hotel to quench his thirst, which increases for him likelihood of perceiving restaurant signs and decreases the likelihood of visualizing other objects at that moment in time


Learning
The state of learning influences and plays a crucial role in the perception process. However, it should be recognized that the role of learning is more pronounced in respect of complex forms of perception where the symbolic content creeps into the process. Although interrelated with motivation and personality, learning may play the single biggest role in developing perceptual set. People perceive as per their levels of learning. It is therefore essential for the organization to make its employees knowledgeable and educated for their effective performance and behaviour.

Organizational role and specialization
The modern organizations value specialization. Consequently the specialty of a person that casts him in a particular organizational role predisposes him to select certain stimuli and to disregard others. Thus in a lengthy report a departmental head will first notice the text relating to his department.

Economic and social background
The employee perceptions are based on economic and social backgrounds. Socially and economically developed employees have a more positive attitude towards development rather than less developed employees.

Personality
The personality of the perceiver as well as the stimulator has an impact on the perception process. The age, sex, race, dress, etc of both the persons have a direct influence on the perception process.

External Factors Influencing the Perception Process
The external attention factors are:

• Intensity
• Size
• Contrast
• Repetition
• Motion
• Novelty and familiarity
• Situations

Intensity
The intensity of stimulus implies that the more intense the stimulus audio or visual, the more is the likelihood it will be perceived. A loud noise, strong odour or bright light or bright colours will be more readily perceived than soft sound, weak odour or dim light. It is because of this advantage that advertisers employ intensity to draw the consumers' attention.

Size
The size of the object or stimulus has a greater impact on the perception process because the size influences attention and recognition in a more effective manner. However, generally the larger the object the more likely it will be perceived.



Contrast
Contrasting objects have more impact on behaviour. The contrast principle states that external stimuli, which stand out against the background or which, are not what the people expect will receive attention. Plant safety signs, which have black lettering on a yellow background or white lettering on a red background, are attentions seekers.
Repetition
Repeated stimuli have more impact on performances than a single statement. Repetition has the advantage of being attention catching. Perhaps, it is because of this that supervisors tend to repeat directions regarding job instructions several times for even simple tasks to hold the attention of their workers.
Motion
The factor of motion implies that the individuals attend to changing objects in their field of vision than to static objects. It is because of this advantage that advertisers involve signs, which include moving objects in their campaigns.
Novelty and familiarity
A novel object in the familiar situation or a familiar object in a novel situation tends to attract attention. Thus a white person or a black person in India catches attention faster.
Situations
Situations have a great influence on people's perceptions. A favourable work environment develops a positive attitude and work culture because the perception process is easily channelized and rightly directed.

Organization is considered as a structural process in which individuals bound together in a formal relationship and interacts with each other to accomplish certain common objectives. The success of any organization depends highly on the efficiency, role performance and job satisfaction of its employees. The study revealed that, factors like affiliation, recognition, behaviour of superior and self perception of job responsibility had positive and significant relationship with the job performance. The overall level of job perception was moderate. The personal traits of employees of educational institutes like, age, education, monthly income, experience, weekly hours, opportunity for advancement and rewards and punishment had positive but non-significant relationship with job satisfaction. Job satisfaction is the degree to which people like their jobs and it can be regarded as one aspect of life satisfaction, experiences on the job influence, perceptions of the job and vice-versa. If the job or work assigned to an individual is interesting, meaningful, challenging and satisfactory he will have a favourable attitude for it and his motivation will be higher. Job satisfaction affects job performance, employee turnover, and absenteeism. High job satisfaction results into high work performance, less employee turnover and less absenteeism. In the study, the employees were professors, employees and principals. those having positive perception performed better in their work whereas those having negative perception were a bit dissatisfied and it affected their performance of work.
job perception of employees of educational institutes is influenced by several factors such as personal traits, working conditions and environment around and within the job. Thus, it can be concluded that job perception is a multi-dimensional phenomena where it is not so easy to assign one factor as the sole determinant of performance of the job.

Simultaneously, more work needs to be done to link the perception of employees of educational institutes with the organizational context in which they work with the social, political and economic context of educational service. The factors such as stability of Job, income, experience, designation and responsibilities are identified as having very close relationship with satisfaction levels.
Thus after going through the study it can be concluded that perception regarding job is closely related to performance of work by employees.

Hello there,

Well, i found some important information Pasta Study on Consumer Perception and Buying Decisions and wanna share it with you and other's. So please download and check it.

thank you
 

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